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Effective design of ventilation and air conditioning systems is a key aspect in ensuring comfortable indoor conditions. To achieve an optimal indoor atmosphere, it is necessary to take into account several factors and principles when creating such systems.

When choosing a ventilation system, it is essential to consider the volume of the space and the number of people inside, in order to best adjust the air quality. The most appropriate type of system should be selected based on the specific conditions of the room, its function, and the level of sound insulation.

Recirculating ventilation systems work by circulating airflows within the room. This approach is similar to supply systems, but it also removes used air. Supply and exhaust ventilation systems use air from outside, which passes through a system of filters.

Air conditioning is a more complex process than ventilation, allowing control over temperature, humidity, and air quality, preventing the air from becoming too dry and helping create comfortable conditions indoors.

When developing a project for ventilation and air conditioning systems, it is important to consider all the technical characteristics of the room, the local climate, and the structural features of the building. It is also important to ensure the interaction between the ventilation and air conditioning systems to achieve the best result in creating an optimal microclimate indoors.

Thus, with proper design of ventilation and air conditioning systems, it is possible to create an ideal atmosphere inside the building, ensuring comfort and convenience for those living and working in it.

Recommendations for Successful Ventilation and Air Conditioning System Design

There are many nuances to consider in the design of ventilation and air conditioning systems to ensure a comfortable environment for people to live and work.

Here are some recommendations for successful ventilation and air conditioning system design:

1. Determine the needs of the room: Before starting the design, clarify the amount of air required for effective air renewal in the room to maintain a healthy climate.
2. Choose the right equipment: When selecting equipment, consider not only its technical characteristics but also its performance, reliability, and energy efficiency.
3. Ensure the ventilation system is equipped with filters: The ventilation should be equipped with filters to capture pollutants and allergens that may be in the air.
4. Assess the possibility of installing additional equipment: For example, if the room is located in an urban area with poor environmental conditions, an air purification system may be required.

The successful design of a ventilation and air conditioning system is key to comfort, health, and productivity. When choosing a contractor for this task, pay attention to the company’s experience and reputation in the market.

Recommendations for Selecting Equipment and Calculating Parameters for Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems

When selecting equipment and calculating parameters for ventilation and air conditioning systems, several key recommendations should be taken into account. First, consider the size and capacity of the system being installed. For larger systems, it is important to determine the air supply rate to correctly choose the size of the equipment. Additionally, it is important to consider any additional factors, such as the local climate and the intended use of the system.

When selecting ventilation and air conditioning equipment, energy efficiency, noise levels, and specific environmental requirements should be taken into account. The final step in equipment selection is verifying the correct sizing, configuration, and installation of all system components.

Finally, it is important to calculate the parameters of ventilation and air conditioning systems to ensure their proper operation. This includes calculating the required air flow rate and determining the necessary levels of temperature, humidity, and pressure to ensure effective ventilation. Filters and other components should also be considered to ensure the efficient and effective operation of the system.

To minimize operational disruptions, reduce the risk of hazardous situations, and avoid discomfort for occupants, it is necessary to follow general design recommendations for air exchange system equipment, ensuring safe and efficient ventilation and air conditioning performance.

Taking Room Features into Account in the Design of Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems

In designing ventilation and air conditioning systems, many factors related to the specific features of each room need to be considered. These may include parameters such as room size and ceiling height, window placement, finishing materials, the number of people, and the equipment used.

Thus, each room requires an individual project, taking its features and purpose into account. For example, in large office buildings where workspaces are meant for sitting, simple ventilation might be sufficient to maintain normal temperature and humidity levels. On the other hand, gyms and swimming pools require powerful ventilation systems to ensure an adequate supply of fresh air and remove excess moisture.

It is also necessary to consider the specific operational needs of the space. Some rooms may require higher air purity, such as laboratories or medical facilities where sterility must be maintained.

The design must also comply with regulatory documents. These establish minimum requirements for air purity, energy consumption, and other parameters. Such documents help create more efficient and economical systems.

The integration of ventilation and air conditioning systems is essential for creating a comfortable indoor environment, as well as ensuring the health and well-being of all people working or living in the building. The system should be designed to work efficiently, taking into account the specific features and operational conditions of each room.

Issues related to the power supply for electricity consumers are relevant in any construction, whether it’s the construction of new industrial facilities, the reconstruction of existing ones, or the building of a country house. The quality of electrical installation design impacts the following:

• Compliance with the technological equipment and the requirements for the future facility;
• Operational characteristics that prevent power supply interruptions and reduce the likelihood of emergencies;
• The presence of errors or deficiencies that could negatively affect the subsequent installation of electrical equipment;
• In short, everything referred to as the reliability of the power supply. This is especially important in the case of power supply design for industrial enterprises, where design errors can lead to not only financial losses but also more serious consequences.

What electrical supply projects are and the stages of design

The power supply project is developed according to the requirements of the Unified System of Design Documentation (ESKD) and a series of regulatory documents, presented by state standards, codes of practice, and instructions from guiding documents. The technical documentation set of a power supply project includes both textual and graphical parts.

The textual part includes:

• Descriptions of the characteristics of electrical receivers and power supply sources;
• Justifications for the accepted power supply schemes, including the layout of distribution devices;
• Required calculations, including calculations of electrical power for the receivers;
• Requirements for the quality of electricity and the reliability of the power supply;
• Discussions on protection, control, automation, dispatching, reactive power compensation, etc., as well as grounding and lightning protection;
• Descriptions of systems related to electrical lighting (working and emergency), backup and additional power, and many others.

The graphical part of the technical documentation usually includes:

• Plans showing the electrical network of the power supply;
• Diagrams showing the placement of electrical receivers;
• Schemes for organizing protective grounding (neutralization), lightning protection;
• Sets of wiring diagrams for equipment powered from primary, additional, and backup sources;
• Wiring diagrams for the lighting network and emergency lighting.

For example, the graphical part of a power supply project for a city apartment may include a single-line diagram, a lighting scheme, and a plan for placing electrical outlets. For private houses and cottages, external electrical network diagrams are added.

In practice, the design process consists of the following main stages:

1. Obtaining Technical Conditions (TCs): TCs are issued by the power supply organization and outline the main requirements for the future electricity consumer, the allocated power, the number of phases, issues of automatic protection, and the project approval process. Essentially, TCs serve as a plan for future design work.
2. Preparing the Technical Assignment (TA): This is developed with the direct involvement of the customer and serves as the basis for the design. Essentially, the TA is a draft version of the future project, and it requires an architectural plan and a document outlining the delineation of responsibilities.
3. Designing: At this stage, necessary calculations are carried out, wiring diagrams are created, and plans for the placement of electrical equipment are developed.
4. Project Approval: The final stage is the approval of the project with the electricity supplier and the relevant regulatory authority.

Considering the high demands placed on power supply projects and the potential consequences of poorly designed systems during the operation of electrical installations, the development of project documentation should be entrusted to specialized design organizations licensed to perform such activities.

Since the choice of air conditioner is quite a complicated process, it would be right to entrust this work to professionals, but given the large number of fraudsters and non-professionals in the market of air conditioning in Azerbaijan today, knowing the following information will save you from future problems and prevent fraud. Air conditioning power selection: To more accurately select the power of air conditioners, you need a technical engineering report, which includes the size of the room, purpose, window area, wall thickness, floor and ceiling materials, features (north, south, west, east, etc.), lighting (lamps, luminescent, LED lights, etc.), office (computer printer, scanner, etc.) and household appliances (TV, refrigerator, gas stove, etc.), heat from people sitting, working or moving in the room, losses due to ventilation, etc. . should be taken into account.

However, if you want to choose an air conditioner for your apartment or house, you can use easy-to-calculate methods, one of which is as follows. Knowing the width, length and height of the room, we calculate the volume (V = en × length × height) and multiply the result by a factor of 35 ~ 50 to find the required cooling power in watts and divide by 1000 to convert to kilowatts. The choice of the ratio varies depending on the purpose, features, location of the room, the material of the walls, floor and ceiling, and the size of the window area. For example, the cooling capacity of rooms of the same size but different purpose may be different. For example, when choosing an air conditioner for the living room, the coefficient should be 45 or 50, taking into account the presence of guests during various events, usually the large window areas of the rooms and the fact that the hall door is always open. When calculating the cooling capacity of an air conditioner for a bedroom, you can choose a factor of 35, taking into account that the room is not cold when a person sleeps and that the air conditioner in that room usually works at night.

Hall 40m2 × 3meter = 120 m3 × 45 = 5400/1000 = 5. 4 Kvt / hour Bedroom 40m2 × 3meter = 120 m3 × 35 = 4200/1000 = 4. 2 KW / hour As you can see, the cooling capacity of rooms for different purposes but the same size was also different. There are some manufacturers that show cooling or heating power in BTU / hour. To switch from kilowatts to BTU, we can find the necessary air conditioner using 1 KW = 3412 BTU. Choosing the power consumption of the air conditioner: We would like to note that it is impossible to confuse Kvt / h, which is an indicator of productivity, with Kvt / h, which consumes electricity. Many people think that this is the same indicator, but this is a completely wrong idea. If the power consumption of the air conditioner is important to you, when choosing an air conditioner, it is advisable to choose equipment with low energy consumption and high cooling and heating efficiency. Of course, if you choose inverter air conditioners with high energy efficiency and efficiency, you can save up to 40% on electricity, depending on the manufacturer and model, which will save your budget from additional costs. Therefore, it is advisable to review the official information posted by the manufacturer on the Internet, not the verbal information of the seller about the energy consumption or the energy efficiency class of the air conditioner (A, A +, A ++, A +++).

Choosing the type of air conditioner: One of the key points is to choose the type of air conditioner. Choosing the type of air conditioner means choosing the type that best suits the design and interior functionality of your home, room or facility. If you want to assemble the ceiling of your room or object by lowering it with any figures or shapes, and you do not want any air conditioning on the interior walls or floor, then you should choose cassette and duct-type air conditioners. Duct and cassette air conditioners are placed under the suspended ceiling, relatively small ones are used for apartments or houses. Due to the relatively small capacity of wall-type air conditioners (8. 7 kW – 30,000 BTU), cassette (15. 0 kW – 51,000 BTU) and duct type (28. 0 kW – 100,000 BTU) air conditioners have a higher capacity. shopping centers, cinemas, restaurants, libraries, etc. The role of relatively large facilities in cooling and heating is irreplaceable. While condensate water is necessarily inclined in wall-mounted air conditioners, it is easier to remove the condensate water from the cassette and duct-type air conditioners, as they are mainly equipped with a drainage pump. When installing all climate equipment, it is recommended to direct the cold or hot air flow in the direction of the window. If you do not want to lower the ceiling of your room or it is not technically possible, then you can choose wall, floor and column type air conditioners. Typically, floor-type air conditioners are used for attic areas with relatively low height and low wall height for air conditioning installation, which easily solves the problem of cooling and heating such areas. Column type air conditioners have a high capacity (15kW – 51,000 BTU) and are suitable for cooling and heating large halls. These types of air conditioners are not recommended for bedrooms and living rooms due to the relatively high noise level due to the large amount of air. Selecting the volume of the air conditioner: Air conditioners from different manufacturers with the same cooling or heating capacity The sound level can also vary. Many people think that the higher the efficiency of the air conditioner, the higher the volume should be, but this is not always the case. Low noise levels are achieved in relatively expensive models using high technology and high cost materials. It is these or other indicators that increase the cost of goods.

Choosing the manufacturer or brand of air conditioner: As a result of extensive free economic relations and contacts, air conditioning systems or air conditioning systems are imported to the Azerbaijani air conditioning market from many countries. Unfortunately, not all imported goods are of high quality and even the technical parameters (cooling and heating power, sound levels, air volume, power consumption and energy efficiency class) do not meet the standards. First of all, when choosing, we advise you not to be fooled by the degree of recognition, popularity, price of the brand and the comments and opinions given by other buyers. It is doubtful that the price of the goods is very cheap. World-famous brands control the quality of their products by conducting various tests in the laboratory, and developing, improving and perfecting the products of their name and brand, preferring customer satisfaction. Choosing an installation master for air conditioning:

Today, in the labor market of Azerbaijan, as in all areas, there are many masters or brigades with different knowledge and experience in the installation of climate equipment. Do not choose an air conditioner if you want to install or have it installed by a master you do not know and have a relatively low salary. First of all, companies that sell air conditioners recommend that their products be installed by service technicians to guarantee the goods, and to solve problems that may arise in the future, you can avoid problems if you contact an official service instead of looking for a repairman who turned off the phone. Many people think that installing an air conditioner is easy and does not require attention, which is a completely wrong idea. Air conditioning installation is a difficult, responsible and complicated job. First of all, various professional tools should be used during installation, which are not cheap at all, and only experienced and professional craftsmen and companies have these tools. Secondly, when you buy an air conditioner, it is recommended that you buy from a company that specializes in air conditioning equipment, which sells, installs and maintains air conditioning equipment and provides more professional customer service through regular training courses for masters or service personnel. . A good master can lift a brand by professionally installing a poor quality air conditioner, and a bad master can disrespect a brand by poorly installing a quality air conditioner

Dear viewers, in addition to the above, when choosing an air conditioner, there are a number of other indicators, functions and features that are not listed, which also play a role in the choice of air conditioner. These include air filters (Nano platinum, Anti-oxidant, Anti-allergen, Anti-bacterial, Activated carbon, etc.), additional functions (Autorestart, I feel, 3D I see sensor, 3 D Airflow, I save, weekly or daily Timer, Long, etc.) and the fact that the amount of air in the indoor units changes the air in the room at least 5-6 times in 1 hour. We hope that you have made the right choice of air conditioner, taking into account all the above.

Construction of a construction object on any land plot, especially a building, is allowed only if the land plot has access to the highway. The construction object must be designed and built in accordance with the following requirements: • must be reliable and fire resistant in terms of fire safety; • comply with sanitary-hygienic norms and rules, serve to create a healthy and safe living environment; • be safe in operation, do not cause undesirable risks to users or accidents (falls, landslides, fires, electric shocks, etc.); • ensure that the effects of noise and vibration do not exceed hazards to human health; • must meet the requirements of heating, ventilation, natural and artificial lighting, acoustics (sound insulation and room acoustics); • comply with energy saving and energy efficiency requirements; • have the necessary infrastructure for the use of the construction site by persons with disabilities and other persons with limited mobility (especially construction facilities intended for general use);

• Information on the condition of greenery in the area before and after the project must be fully and accurately reflected in the construction project documents, and the planting of greenery must be in accordance with the norm of providing the settlement with greenery. In order to ensure the protection of life and health of the population in wartime, military or emergency situations, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of civil defense during the design and construction of construction projects. Rules for calculating the area and volume of the construction object: • The total area of ​​apartments in residential buildings is calculated, including the area of ​​rooms, locations (bathroom, kitchen, corridor, meeting place), as well as loggias, balconies, glazing and terraces. • The total area of ​​apartments in residential buildings is calculated without taking into account the area of ​​external and partition walls, as well as railings. The area where the stove (steam) is located is not included in the total area of ​​the apartment. • Floor-to-ceiling height of apartments in residential buildings should not be less than 2.7 meters.

General requirements for fire safety related to the general plan of the construction site, architectural-planning and construction sections, engineering-communication support and construction materials during the design and construction of buildings and structures (reliability indicators of construction objects, fire and explosion safety, natural and man-made hazards ( harmful) requirements for protection from impacts, quality and conformity of construction materials, products and structures) are determined on the basis of technical normative legal acts on urban planning and construction. • Refractory walls are constructed when it is necessary to prevent the spread of fire and it is not possible to do so otherwise, especially when the distance between adjacent or neighboring buildings is small or where there is a high probability of fire. • Roofing must be weatherproof and fireproof in cases specified by fire safety regulations. • Glass roofs or other light-transmitting roofs, roof windows and glazed parts must comply with the requirements of urban planning and construction regulations to prevent the spread of fire to other parts of the building or adjacent areas in the event of a fire.

• Protective measures should be taken to prevent snow and ice from falling on sidewalks, other public areas or roofs over access roads, where traffic safety is required. • Engineering and communication facilities of construction facilities must be sufficient for the proper operation of those facilities and meet safety requirements during operation. • It is prohibited to place engineering and communication support components on the main facades, roofs and other areas of the construction site. In the specified places, these components must be placed or concealed in accordance with the architectural style of the building in the cases and in the manner prescribed by the rules of engineering and communication provision of construction facilities. To ensure the safe operation of the construction site, the following should be taken into account at the design stage of the facility: • operating conditions according to the purpose of the construction object; • probable impact of the environment on the construction site; • properties of construction materials to be used in construction, the possibility of changing the properties of construction materials and the possibility of their protection from the harmful effects of nature.

During design, special protective measures (vibration dampers, vibration insulation, perforation of protective structures, etc.) must be provided in structures that accept dynamic loads or impacts. Structural elements exposed to dynamic loads shall be designed taking into account the results of reports on their durability and strength. The rules related to the above requirements shall be established by the relevant executive authority – the local executive authority, and in the administrative territory of Baku and other cities by the State Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Benefisiar.org

The main conditions for construction in adjacent areas in settlements are regulated by the Town Planning and Construction Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan. These conditions are as follows: 1) Distance areas in front of the external walls of buildings should be considered. Construction of surface construction facilities on these areas is not allowed. It is not necessary to maintain the area in front of the external walls within the boundaries of the land plots in the following conditions: • if the construction of the construction object within the boundaries of the land plot is envisaged in the detailed plan (except for the cases when the distance of the existing construction site requires maintenance); • if the construction site is allowed to be built on the boundary of the land plot and the construction of the adjacent land plot on the boundary of the relevant land plot is possible in terms of the requirements of normative documents on urban planning and construction. 2) The distance should be on each plot of land. Intervals are also allowed on roads, public green areas and water areas. In the case of land plots that can be cultivated on both sides, the distances are considered only to the middle of those plots.

3) Intersection of distances is not allowed. This rule does not apply to distances between external walls at an angle of more than 75 degrees to each other. 4) The distance is determined by the height of the wall. The vertical distance from the point of intersection of the wall and the upper surface of the ground to the end of the wall is the height of the wall, and the distance from the surface of the outer wall of the building to the boundary of the land plot. 5) The distance is determined in the following order: • 0.6 part of the wall height; • 0.4 part of the wall height in rural areas and special residential areas (military campuses, student camps, temporary settlements) (0.3 part of the wall height in relation to dwellings to which the notification procedure is applied);

4) The distance is determined by the height of the wall. The vertical distance from the point of intersection of the wall and the upper surface of the ground to the end of the wall is the height of the wall, and the distance from the surface of the outer wall of the building to the boundary of the land plot. 5) The distance is determined in the following order: • 0.6 part of the wall height; • 0.4 part of the wall height in rural areas and special residential areas (military campuses, student camps, temporary settlements) (0.3 part of the wall height in relation to dwellings to which the notification procedure is applied); • 0.25 part of the wall height in areas intended for entrepreneurial activities and industrial areas only. 6) It is not necessary to maintain spacing areas in front of the external walls of buildings or parts of buildings with walls not exceeding 1 meter in height. In addition, it is not necessary to maintain a space in front of buildings or parts of buildings with walls no more than 3 meters high and an area not exceeding 25 square meters and consisting only of garages or adjoining rooms, serving local supply purposes or located in public transport areas.

7) The following should be taken into account when designing a construction object: • maintaining the distances between the external walls and parts of the construction facilities planned to be built on the lands adjacent to the existing buildings, depending on the purpose of the facilities, determined by the normative documents on urban planning and construction; • Possibility to combine facilities in accordance with the project documents for the purpose of efficient use of lands; • Possibility of construction of parallel border facilities on the basis of mutual agreement, taking into account the proposals of the designers, through two parallel and closed (no gaps) walls or a common wall; • Possibility to connect the walls of new facilities to the walls of existing buildings on the border by mutual agreement. How is the placement of facilities in adjacent areas regulated? In built-up and rehabilitated areas, the distance can be reduced taking into account the requirements of normative documents on urban planning and construction. In this case, it is necessary to ensure fire safety, healthy sanitary-epidemiological, insulation and natural lighting conditions of the building. Contrary to these rules, one of the parties may not open window openings or other openings in order to create conditions for insulation and natural lighting.

The following is allowed in the vacant areas (areas) between the objects: • organization of playgrounds and bicycle parking lots; • organization of open terraces with a height not exceeding 50 cm above ground level; • organization of ramps for the disabled; • construction of facilities that do not require a construction permit. Shared walls: • Shared walls must be constructed in accordance with the requirements of urban planning and construction regulations and the needs of both neighbors. • During the restoration work at the construction site, the existing common wall may be demolished and rebuilt in accordance with the project by agreement of the neighbors, or in the absence of such agreement, at the request of one of the parties and by court decision. Adjacent walls: • Any additional building built by one neighbor on a side wall or in a certain part of it at the border may be built by another neighbor only with the notarized consent of that neighbor. In such cases, that part of the wall is considered a common wall.

• If the wall is built parallel to the existing adjacent wall and there is a gap between adjacent walls (the distance between the walls prevents their operation), certain measures should be taken to protect the gap from atmospheric precipitation. Requirements for the construction of fences: • The height of fences should not exceed 2 meters 20 centimeters, except as determined by the relevant executive authority. • When the levels of two adjacent plots are different, the highest level of the plot is taken as the reference point for the height of the fence. • Allow adjacent engineering and communication lines to pass through their area, unless there are other suitable solutions for the construction of utility lines. • During vertical planning of adjacent land plots, appropriate measures should be taken to prevent atmospheric precipitation and irrigation water from flowing from one neighbor’s land to another. Removal of water from atmospheric precipitation through neighboring areas due to the complexity of the terrain is carried out in accordance with the normative documents on urban planning and construction. • Relevant executive authority is a local executive authority, and in the administrative territory of Baku and other cities is the State Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Benefisiar.org